What is the basis of the distribution via Faraid?

Faraid is a system that governs the distribution of a deceased person's estate among their heirs.

The basis of the distribution via Faraid is mentioned both in the Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet ﷺ :

The Quran:

Allah instructs you concerning your children: for the male, what is equal to the share of two females. But if there are [only] daughters, two or more, for them is two thirds of one's estate. And if there is only one, for her is half. And for one's parents, to each one of them is a sixth of his estate if he left children. But if he had no children and the parents [alone] inherit from him, then for his mother is one third. And if he had brothers [or sisters], for his mother is a sixth, after any bequest he [may have] made or debt. Your parents or your children - you know not which of them are nearest to you in benefit. [These shares are] an obligation [imposed] by Allah . Indeed, Allah is ever Knowing and Wise. (Surah an-Nisaa verse 11)

The Hadith (Prophetic narrations):

The Prophet ﷺ said:

"Give the appointed portions to those entitled to them. Then whatever remains is for the nearest male relative (to the deceased)."

(Narrated by Bukhari & Muslim)

Essentially, Faraid establishes a hierarchical order of heirs who are entitled to inherit from the deceased. The highest priority is given to the closest relatives, such as souses, children, parents and siblings, while more distant relatives may inherit only if there are no immediate heirs.

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